Afro 102: Psychology of Black/African American self-image 

"Study of Black self-image was given impetus by the socail science brief appended to the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, which emphasized that racial segregation had the potential to damage the self-esteem of black children. Research on ethnic identity thus began to shift from European immigrants to Blacks..."

(Porter, Judith R. and Robert E. Washington, Annual Review of Sociology, 1979. 5:53-74)